Let's Know More About Erythropoiesis!

WHAT IS 

ERYTHROPOIESIS?

The process of producing blood-circulating cells is known as erythropoiesis. The process through which red blood cells are made is called erythropoiesis. To put it another way, the process of creating red blood cells is closely controlled to ensure that tissues receive an adequate amount of oxygen.

WHERE ARE THE SITES OF RED BLOOD CELLS BEING PRODUCED?

The marrow of some bones constantly produces red blood cells. As previously mentioned, the marrow spaces of the vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, and pelvis are the primary sites of red cell generation, or erythropoiesis. The kidney is the primary infrarenal location of erythropoiesis production, whereas the liver is the primary extrarenal site while brain and uterus take part in the production but produces only little amount. In the kidney, interstitial fibroblasts work closely with the proximal convoluted tubule and peritubular capillary to create erythropoietin. Additionally, the liver's perisinusoidal cells generate it. The body ensures that there is a sufficient amount of the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidney, to allow for the production of red blood cells. The erythroblast, a nucleated cell that lacks haemoglobin, is the fundamental progenitor from which the red blood cell is produced in the bone marrow. Multiple successive cell divisions lead to growth. 

Throughout life, erythropoiesis takes place at several sites. It takes place in the yolk sac in the very young developing fetus. From 2 to 5 months of pregnancy, it develops in the liver and spleen before settling about 5 months of pregnancy in the bone marrow. The bone marrow of the majority of children's bones may support erythropoiesis. Adults, on the other hand, only experience it in the proximal femur, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and bone marrow of the vertebrae. Extra medullary haematopoiesis may result from insufficient erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROPOIESIS? 

✅ Tissue Oxygenation:

Red blood cells must be healthy and in sufficient numbers for your body to receive enough oxygen, which is a condition known as anemia. The main causes of anemia are blood loss, a lack of red blood cell production, and high levels of red blood cell breakdown. There are many different forms of anemia, including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, hemo-lytic anemia, and aplastic anemia, which causes the immune system's stem cells to be attacked in the bone marrow that can be classified under bone marrow destruction whereas hypoxia, the production of mature red blood cell from the bone marrow is stimulated by the systemic increase in erythropoietin levels brought on by hypoxia.

Anemia

Bone Marrow Destruction

Hypoxia

✅ Vitamins:

Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced by replacing old erythrocytes with new ones, which are phagocytosed and destroyed on a daily basis. Elements such as vitamin B12,iron, and folate play important roles in the process of producing red blood cells. As a result, erythroblasts require folate and vitamin B12 to proliferate during differentiation. A lack of folate and vitamin B12 causes erythroblast apoptosis, resulting in anemia from erythropoiesis not functioning because haemoglobin synthesis requires an excessive amount of iron. With haemoglobin breakdown from destroying the old erythrocytes, the iron is used all over again. Many newly discovered proteins play a role in nonheme iron absorption, storage, and cellular export, as well as iron uptake and usage in erythroblasts. Erythroblast heme levels regulate iron and globin synthesis, so iron deficiency causes anemia by slowing production rates, which results in smaller, less hemoglobinized erythrocytes. Other than the vitamin mentioned above, these molecules are also involve in the making of red blood cell which are vitamin C, a coenzyme called pyridoxine is involved in the condensation of succinyl-CoA and glycine , riboflavin and pantothenic acid involved in the production of heme, which is necessary for both cell growth and division and the production of iron for red blood cells.

✅ Proteins:

For the human body to maintain the normal level of erythropoiesis for the normal rate of globin formation, an adequate protein diet is totally necessary. It is by eating food which is rich with protein. 

✅ Hormones:

Red blood cell regulation involves hormones like testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

✅ Minerals and Metals:

The production of blood during erythropoiesis depends on iron. The transferrin carrier, transferrin receptor endosomal cycle, and appropriate mitochondrial iron consumption are essential for the best iron supply. Different kinds of anemia, including those involving iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, are caused by iron and iron protein shortages. As a result of binding to transferrin, the oxygen and iron that are combined during absorption are then transported into the plasma of the blood. In addition, all bodily cells need iron and transferrin as needed since they are used to make haemoglobin, which is then stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

✅ Other Factors:

According to the relationship between menstruation and erythropoiesis, haemoglobin and iron concentrations dropped during menstruation and further reduced in the ovulation, but haemoglobin rose. Due to anemia, which can result from significant menstrual bleeding, heavy periods cause long-term blood loss. Thus, erythropoiesis can also be affected by menopause, exercise, excitement, and pregnancy.

REFERENCES:

Erythropoiesis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/erythropoiesis

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